دانشگاه اصفهان علوم زیستی گیاهی 3041-9603 17 1 2025 05 22 The effects of gibberellic acid application and Serendipita indica inoculation on salinity stress tolerance in cuttings from two grape cultivars grown in an aeroponic system تأثیر کاربرد اسید جیبرلیک و قارچ Serendipita indica بر تحمّل قلمه‌های دو رقم انگور به تنش شوری در سیستم هواکشت 1 30 29840 10.22108/ijpb.2025.143593.1381 FA اکبر رحیمی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران مهدی قبولی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران زهرا موحدی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران محمد عبدلی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 04 Salt stress is one of the most critical limiting factors in plant growth and yield. The endophytic fungus Serendipita indica stimulates the growth of many plant species, thereby enhancing their tolerance to abiotic stresses. The effect of S. indica inoculation and foliar application of gibberellic acid on the morphophysiological traits of two grape cultivars, white seedless and Turkmen 4, under salt stress conditions in an aeroponic system was investigated. The experimental treatments included different levels of gibberellic acid (0 and 150 mg/L gibberellic acid), inoculation with S. indica (non-inoculated and inoculated with the fungus), and two levels of salinity (0 and 100mM sodium chloride) with three replications. The results showed that treatment with gibberellic acid and fungal inoculation increased several morphophysiological indices, including chlorophyll, soluble sugars, proline, phenols, flavonoids, and potassium, in both grape cultivars. Meanwhile, it decreased the levels of traits such as malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium. The results also showed that salt stress reduced the amount of root dry weight (26%), and increased flavonoids (52%), proline (41%), sodium (5.8 times), malondialdehyde (41%), and hydrogen peroxide (38%) in both cultivars. Overall, the results demonstrated that treatment with gibberellic acid and inoculation with S. indica increased osmolytes such as soluble sugars (37%), proline (38%), and phenol (2%); on the other hand, oxidative stress was reduced through decreased hydrogen peroxide (34%) and malondialdehyde (31%) levels. These effects collectively enhanced plant growth and performance under stress conditions while improving stress tolerance. Introduction Biological methods that utilize beneficial soil organisms and horticultural practices, such as applying plant growth regulators, play a significant role in promoting tolerance to different abiotic stresses. The endophytic fungus, Serendipita indica has attracted attention due to its growth-promoting functions, broader host range compared to mycorrhizal fungi, and ability to be cultured in synthetic media. This fungus has been successfully utilized to enhance growth and promote tolerance to abiotic stresses in various plants. Given the significant impact of salinity stress on reducing agricultural productivity and the importance of grapevine plants, it is of paramount importance to study and develop strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress in grapevine plants. This research aimed to investigate the potential impact of gibberellic acid application, along with root colonization by S. indica, on salinity stress tolerance in two grape cultivars, White Seedless and Turkmen 4, in an aeroponic system. Materials and Methods This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments included two levels of gibberellic acid (0 and 150 mg/L), two fungal treatments (inoculated and non-inoculated), and two stress levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl). The experiment was conducted in four tanks, with 12 cuttings (6 of each variety) placed in each tank. In each tank, three cuttings of each variety were untreated with gibberellic acid. Tank 1 included control samples without inoculation with fungus and those treated with NaCl. In Tank 2, salinity stress was induced on non-inoculated plants. Tank 3 included samples inoculated with fungi and exposed to salinity stress. Tank 4 included samples inoculated with fungi under non-stressed conditions. Inoculation with fungus was performed in two stages: one before transferring the cuttings to the system, and the other after root emergence, by spraying the fungus spores onto the roots. Control cuttings were treated with distilled water. Salinity stress was induced by adding a sodium chloride solution to the tanks over a period of four weeks. Treatment with gibberellic acid was performed in a single step. Sampling was conducted 4 weeks after stress, and traits such as dry and wet weight of root and shoot, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, proline, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, total soluble sugars, antioxidant enzymes, and sodium and potassium levels were evaluated. Results and Discussion The results showed that salinity stress, fungus, gibberellic acid, and their interactions had a significant effect on the most measured traits. Salinity stress increased the levels of soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, proline, phenols, and flavonoids, while also increasing sodium levels and catalase activity, but decreased membrane stability and chlorophyll content. Inoculation with the fungus and gibberellic acid application, as well as their interactions, had a positive effect on reducing the effects of stress by improving morphophysiological traits. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the positive impact of the fungus on increasing growth, including increased cytokinin production and improved transport through the vascular system. Fungal mycelia increase the absorption surface, thereby enhancing the absorption of water and elements. By stimulating cell growth and increasing root length, gibberellic acid enables the plant to achieve greater depth in absorbing water and minerals, thereby better coping with saline conditions. The fungus increases the levels of carbohydrates, proteins, and proline through certain hexose transporters and affects plant hormone synthesis. Gibberellin induces qualitative and quantitative changes in the synthesis of specific amino acids, including proline, by affecting the transcription or translation of specific genes. Additionally, the reduction in lipid peroxidation can be attributed to gibberellin's role in destroying reactive oxygen radicals. This may reduce the content of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals by influencing the activity of free radical scavenging enzymes. The effect of the fungus on reducing ROS production is one of the reasons why membrane stability is higher in inoculated plants under stress conditions. The fungus and gibberellic acid may play a crucial role in eliminating reactive oxygen species by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which is consistent with their effects on carotenoid levels, membrane stability, and malondialdehyde content. This demonstrates that these plants reduce the detrimental effects of salinity stress more than control plants. Conclusion Based on the results, inoculation with the endophytic fungus and treatment with gibberellic acid increased chlorophyll, phenol, potassium, and catalase levels, while decreasing hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and sodium levels. This positively affected tolerance to salt stress in both cultivars, with the White Seedless variety showing more improvement than Turkmen 4. Overall, the results indicated that fungus inoculation had a greater effect than gibberellic acid in both cultivars. Future research could investigate the molecular mechanisms of PGRs and the effect of fungi on salt stress tolerance in grapes. This knowledge is crucial for ensuring sustainable grape cultivation under changing environmental conditions. تنش شوری یکی از مهمترین عوامل محدود کننده رشد و عملکرد گیاهان محسوب می‌شود. قارچ Serendipita indica با تحریک رشد بسیاری از گونه‌های گیاهی سبب تحمل به تنش‌های غیر زیستی می‌شود. در این پژوهش، اثر قارچ‌ S. indica و محلول‌پاشی اسید جیبرلیک بر صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک دو رقم انگور بیدانه سفید و ترکمن 4 در شرایط تنش شوری در سیستم هواکشت به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار بررسی شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل محلول‌پاشی 150 میلی‌گرم/لیتر اسید جیبرلیک و عدم محلول‌پاشی، تلقیح با قارچ S. indica (عدم تلقیح و تلقیح‌ با قارچ) و دو سطح شوری (صفر و 100 میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم) بودند. نتایج نشان دادند تیمار توسط اسید جیبرلیک و تلقیح با قارچ سبب افزایش برخی از شاخص‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیکی مانند کلروفیل، قند محلول، پرولین، فنول، فلاوونوئید و پتاسیم در هر دو رقم انگور شدند؛ در حالی‌که میزان صفاتی مانند مالون دی‌آلدئید، پراکسید هیدروژن و سدیم را کاهش دادند. همچنین نتایج نشان دادند تنش شوری سبب کاهش وزن خشک (26%) و افزایش فلاوونوئید (52%)، پرولین (41%)، سدیم (8/5 برابر)، مالون دی آلدئید (41%) و پراکسید هیدروژن (38%) در هر دو رقم شد. در مجموع، نتایج نشان داد تیمار توسط اسید جیبرلیک و تلقیح با قارچ S. indica، سبب افزایش اسمولیت‌هایی مانند قند محلول (37%)، پرولین (38%) و فنول (2%) شد؛ از سوی دیگر، تنش اکسیداتیو را با کاهش پراکسید هیدروژن (34%) و مالون دی‌آلدئید (31%) تخفیف داده‌اند که سبب می‌شود گیاهان از رشد و عملکرد بهتری برخوردار بوده و تحمل آنها به تنش افزایش یابد.

https://ijpb.ui.ac.ir/article_29840_5a97490e1d5c85b9a6b0969d25242749.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان علوم زیستی گیاهی 3041-9603 17 1 2025 05 22 Impact of Piriformospora indica on morphophysiological parameters of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salt stress تأثیر تلقیح قارچ Piriformospora indica بر شاخص‌های مرفوفیزیولوژیکی گیاه کینوا (.Chenopodium quinoa Willd) تحت تنش شوری 31 54 29870 10.22108/ijpb.2025.146299.1418 FA سعید ناروئی زاد گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران رویا کرمیان گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2025 08 13 This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM) and the symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica on the growth and physiological responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. cv. Giza1) as a factorial design within a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results showed that salinity significantly reduced plant height, plant fresh weight, panicle weight, as well as root length and weight. Additionally, salinity decreased the content of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. On the other hand, salt stress induced a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (as an indicator of oxidative damage) levels, and secondary metabolites such as total phenols, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins. The inoculation of quinoa with P. indica mitigated the adverse effects of salinity, leading to a significant improvement in all studied growth parameters. At the 400 mM salinity level, P. indica increased chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents by 29%, 124%, and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, P. indica reduced carotenoid content by 16%, MDA by 7%, and H2O2 by 27% under the same salinity level. Moreover, inoculation with P. indica further enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds, increasing total phenols by 18%, flavonoids by 16%, and total anthocyanins by 12% at a 400 mM salinity level. The findings demonstrate that P. indica can improve growth performance and alleviate oxidative stress, suggesting its potential as an effective biological strategy to enhance salt tolerance in quinoa cultivation. Introduction Water scarcity and soil salinity have a negative impact on plant growth, crop yield, and global food security, particularly in arid regions. Nearly 8% of global land and over 30% of irrigated areas are significantly affected by salinity. Intensive agriculture and poor water management exacerbate soil salinization, a problem expected to worsen with climate change. Sustainable solutions, such as cultivating salt-tolerant crops like quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), are crucial for maintaining productivity in areas affected by salinity. Quinoa was domesticated approximately 7,000 years ago in the Andes. It is highly nutritious,rich in minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc), vitamins (B1, B9, C, E), oil (linoleate, linolenate, and natural antioxidants), and proteins with essential amino acids (lysine, methionine). The FAO recognizes quinoa as a climate-resilient crop, and it is now cultivated in over 50 countries, including the U.S., India, and Egypt. However, introducing quinoa into Iran’s saline agriculture requires understanding its salt-tolerance mechanisms. Salinity stress disrupts photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and enzyme activity, inducing oxidative damage through the production of reactive oxygen species. Plants combat salinity through osmotic regulation (accumulating proline and glycine betaine) and antioxidant systems (e.g., catalase and superoxide dismutase). Endophytic fungi, such as Piriformospora indica, enhance plant stress tolerance by improving nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. This fungus regulates stress-responsive hormones (e.g., salicylic acid and gibberellin), boosts chlorophyll content, and activates defense genes. This study investigates P. indica’s effects on quinoa (cv. Giza1) under salinity stress, assessing growth and physiological (photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde, phenolic compounds, and hydrogen peroxide contents) responses. Findings may advance sustainable strategies for quinoa cultivation in saline soils. Material and Methods This study investigated the effects of salinity stress and Piriformospora indica inoculation on quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa cv. Giza1) through a pot experiment conducted in a research greenhouse at Bu-Ali Sina University. The factorial experiment employed a completely randomized design with three salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl) and two fungal treatments (inoculated and non-inoculated), replicated three times in sandy-loam soil (pH 7.47, 0.72% organic carbon). P. indica was cultured on PDA medium (containing potato extract, dextrose, and agar) at 25 °C for one week, then transferred to liquid medium for 20 days to produce chlamydospore suspensions mixed with sterile sand for inoculation. Quinoa seeds were surface-sterilized using ethanol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (1%), then soaked in the fungal suspension for 3 h before planting. Ten seeds were sown per pot at a depth of 1.5 cm, and the seedlings were thinned to three at the four-leaf stage. Salinity treatments were applied gradually at the three-leaf stage in three increments at 15-day intervals, with soil EC monitored after each application. Growth parameters (plant height, root length, fresh weights of plant, panicle, and root) were measured using rulers and digital scales. Physiological analyses included photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) measured spectrophotometrically using Lichtenthaler's method with acetone extraction, oxidative stress markers (MDA via TBA assay and H₂O₂ using TCA method), and antioxidant compounds (total phenols by Folin-Ciocalteu, flavonoids by AlCl3, and anthocyanins with methanol-HCl). All biochemical analyses were conducted using standardized protocols with proper controls and spectrophotometric measurements at specific wavelengths. The comprehensive experimental design and rigorous measurement protocols ensured reliable evaluation of P. indica's potential to enhance quinoa's salinity tolerance through physiological and biochemical modifications. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 9.4) with Duncan's multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05) for mean comparisons, and results were graphically presented using Excel. Results and Discussion The study demonstrated that salinity stress (200-400 mM NaCl) significantly impaired quinoa growth and physiological parameters, resulting in reduced plant height (55-66%), biomass (10-34%), and panicle weight (12-22%). These reductions likely are resulted from osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage, which are consistent with findings in other crops. Notably, P. indica inoculation effectively mitigated these effects, enhancing growth parameters (14-50% height increase, 18-28% biomass improvement) even under severe salinity. The fungus notably improved root morphology (22-30% increases in length/weight), suggesting enhanced nutrient/water acquisition as a critical adaptation mechanism reported in other halophytes. Salinity-induced chlorophyll degradation (20-36% reduction) and carotenoid loss (6%) were substantially reversed by P. indica (16-58% pigment increases), indicating its protective effects. This aligns with studies showing that fungal-mediated preservation of the photosynthetic apparatus occurs. The 27-77% MDA and 37-254% H2O2 increases under salinity confirmed membrane damage by lipid peroxidation, while P. indiaca causes antioxidantive system activation (9-27% oxidative marker reductions), paralleled by findings in soybean. Remarkably, the fungus increased phenolic (18-23%), flavonoid (16-30%), and anthocyanin (12-17%) levels beyond those induced by salinity, thereby enhancing its ROS scavenging capacity. This dual effect - both alleviating damage and strengthening defense - mirrors reports in mint (Khalvandi et al., 2019) and aligns with known fungal modulation of antioxidant pathways. The results collectively suggest P. indica's potential as a biofertilizer for saline agriculture, though molecular studies should further elucidate its gene regulatory mechanisms. Future research could optimize inoculation protocols and explore synergies with other stress-mitigation strategies for field applications. Conclusion The study demonstrated that salinity stress significantly reduced quinoa growth, as well as physiological and biochemical parameters, including plant height, biomass, root length, and photosynthetic pigments, while increasing oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂ and MDA). However, Piriformospora indica inoculation effectively mitigated these effects by enhancing nutrient uptake, chlorophyll/carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity (increased total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins). The findings highlight P. indica's potential as a biological agent to improve quinoa's salt tolerance in arid/semi-arid agriculture. Future research should investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this symbiosis and the associated gene expression under salt stress. برای بررسی تأثیر همزیستی قارچ اندوفیت Piriformospora indica بر بعضی از ویژگیهای رشد و فیزیولوژیکی گیاه کینوا رقم Giza1 تحت شرایط تنش شوری (0، 200 و 400 میلی‌مولار نمک NaCl)، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تنش شوری به صورت معنی‌داری سبب کاهش ارتفاع و وزن تر بوته، وزن خوشه، طول و وزن ریشه شد. همچنین، تنش شوری موجب کاهش محتوای کلروفیلهای a، b، کل و کاروتنوئید شد. از سوی دیگر، تنش شوری افزایش قابلتوجهی را در سطوح پراکسید هیدروژن، مالون‌دی‌آلدئید و محتوای برخی ترکیبات ثانویه مانند فنل، فلاونوئید و آنتوسیانین کل ایجاد کرد. تلقیح قارچP. indica اثرات منفی شوری را تعدیل نموده و منجر به بهبود معنی‌دار تمام شاخصهای رشدی مورد پژوهش شد. این قارچ در سطح شوری 400 میلی‌مولار، محتوای کلروفیلهای a، b و کل را به ترتیب 29، 124 و 58 درصد افزایش داد، لیکن موجب کاهش 16 درصدی محتوای کاروتنوئید، 7 درصدی مالون‌دی‌آلدئید و 27 درصدی پراکسید هیدروژن در این سطح از شوری شد. علاوه بر این، تلقیح این قارچ سبب افزایش محتوای ترکیبات فنلی شد، به ‌طوری ‌که محتوای فنل کل به میزان 18 درصد، فلاونوئید کل به میزان 16 درصد و آنتوسیانین کل به میزان 12 درصد در سطح 400 میلی‌مولار شوری افزایش یافت. در مجموع یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان دادند P. indica به علّت بهبود وضعیت رشدی و کاهش تنش اکسیداتیو، می‌تواند به عنوان یک راهکار زیستی مؤثر جهت افزایش تحمل شوری در گیاه کینوا مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

https://ijpb.ui.ac.ir/article_29870_e5fd7b89365c7292364218cc1f628a5d.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان علوم زیستی گیاهی 3041-9603 17 1 2025 05 22 Improving the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by Optimizing the Concentration of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) in Foliar Spray بهبود ویژگی‌های رشد و فیزیولوژیکی گوجه‌فرنگی (Solanum lycopersicum L.) با بهینه‌سازی غلظت نانو ذرات اکسیدآهن (Fe₃O₄ NPs) در محلول‌پاشی برگی 55 76 29888 10.22108/ijpb.2025.146096.1415 FA راضیه رحمتی زاده گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ارومیه حسین مظفری گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشگاه علوم و تکنولوژی پیشرفته و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی صنعتی و فناوری پیشرفته، کرمان 0000-0001-7642-6145 محمد جواد آروین گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان رشید جامعی گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ارومیه فاطمه نژاد علیمرادی گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران Journal Article 2025 07 24 Iron nanoparticles, as one of the most widely used nanomaterials in modern agriculture, have garnered significant attention from researchers. These materials, with their unique chemical and physical properties, are capable of exerting notable effects on plant growth and performance. However, the utilization of Fe3O4 NPs in the agricultural sector remains relatively limited. Therefore, in the present study, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications and four treatment levels of Fe3O4 NPs (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) applied via foliar spray on tomato plants. The results indicated that spraying with 25 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs improved growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigment content, nutrient elements, proteins, and antioxidant enzyme activity, while also reducing the content of MDA, H2O2, and GABA, compared to the control in tomato plants. Overall, the findings of this research clearly demonstrate the potential of Fe3O4 NPs as a micronutrient nanofertilizer, particularly in application via foliar spraying. Introduction Nanotechnology, particularly the utilization of nanoparticles, offers innovative solutions for contemporary agricultural challenges, including the enhancement of plant growth and crop yield while preserving soil health (Usman et al., 2020; Feng et al., 2022). Among these, iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) have garnered increasing attention due to the critical role of iron in plant physiological and biochemical processes, such as photosynthesis (El-Desouky et al., 2021; Góral et al., 2023). Iron deficiency, despite its abundance in soil (owing to insoluble and unavailable forms), poses a significant limitation to the growth of many plants, including tomatoes (Khan et al., 2020; Sagwal et al., 2023; Raiesi-Ardali et al., 2022). Tomato, as a vital agricultural crop, is particularly vulnerable to environmental stresses and nutrient deficiencies (Collins et al., 2022; Kaboré et al., 2022). Conventional methods of iron supply using chemical fertilizers necessitate innovative, cost-effective, and environmentally benign solutions due to their low absorption efficiency (Pasricha et al., 2021). Currently, iron nanoparticles have emerged as a promising alternative for addressing iron deficiency (Raiesi-Ardali et al., 2022). However, research concerning their agricultural applications, specifically the effects of foliar application of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) on enhancing plant growth, remains limited. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar Fe₃O₄ NPs treatment on the morphological, physiological, and enzymatic traits of tomato plants, to determine the efficacy and optimal concentration of these nanoparticles for this crop. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Following surface sterilization with a 1.0% sodium hypochlorite solution, seeds were rinsed and cultured in petri dishes. Three days post-germination initiation, seedlings were transferred to pots containing perlite and irrigated with half-strength Hoagland solution. For the synthesis of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate and iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate were dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water and maintained at 60°C. Subsequently, 10 mL of 25% ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) was added to the mixture (Rostami et al., 2018). For treatment application, Fe₃O₄ NPs were prepared at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L, sonicated, and sprayed onto plants at the four-leaf stage. At the end of the treatment period, stems and roots were separated and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Chlorophyll content was determined according to Lichtenthaler’s method (1987). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were quantified using the methods described by Heath and Packer (1969) and Velikova et al. (2000), respectively. GABA was measured by the method of Baum et al. (1996), and protein content by the Bradford method (1976). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Giannopolitis & Ries, 1977), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (Nakano & Asada, 1981), and catalase (CAT) (Dhindsa et al., 1981) were assayed, along with elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical differences were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software and Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Duncan’s multiple range test was employed for mean comparisons, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results and Discussion The results indicated that 25 mg/L Fe₃O₄ NPs increased dry weight, plant length, chlorophyll content, protein content, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, APX, and CAT. Concurrently, the levels of MDA, H₂O₂, and GABA showed a decrease. In contrast, 100 mg/L Fe₃O₄ NPs exhibited toxic effects, leading to a reduction in dry weight, plant length, chlorophyll content, and protein content, accompanied by an increase in MDA, H₂O₂, and GABA content. These findings corroborate the dual effects of iron oxide nanoparticles: at low concentrations, these nanoparticles can act as a growth stimulant, contributing to plant health by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating GABA accumulation. These positive effects are likely attributed to the supply of iron for enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes such as APX and CAT, in which iron functions as a cofactor (Salehi Eskandari & Kharati Koopaei, 2020). In this study, 25 mg/L Fe₃O₄ NPs also led to an increase in the content of macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu). Iron nanoparticles may stimulate the production of growth hormones like auxin and cytokinin, promoting cell division and improving the growth of aerial and root organs, which facilitates better nutrient absorption and contributes to overall plant growth (Divte et al., 2021). Iron nanoparticles can enhance nutrient uptake and distribution efficiency by regulating the expression of nutrient transporter genes (Yang et al., 2020) and, by reducing stress conditions, allocate more energy towards nutrient absorption and translocation (Feng et al., 2022). In this study, the 25 mg/L Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration provided a less stressful environment, leading to improved nutrient uptake and, consequently, greater plant growth and biomass. Conclusion In this study, 25 mg/L Fe₃O₄ NPs demonstrated significant positive effects on the growth and physiology of tomato plants. The findings suggest that Fe₃O₄ NPs hold substantial potential as a novel and efficient alternative to traditional iron fertilizers in agriculture, and their foliar application can serve as a rapid and effective strategy for addressing nutritional deficiencies. However, further research under field conditions is deemed essential to validate these results on a larger scale and to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. نانو ذرات آهن به عنوان یکی از نانو مواد پرکاربرد در کشاورزی مدرن، توجه بسیاری از پژوهشگران را به خود معطوف کرده‌ است. این مواد، با ویژگیهای شیمیایی و فیزیکی منحصر به فردشان قادرند اثرات قابل توجهی بر رشد و عملکرد گیاهان داشته باشند. با اینوجود، استفاده از Fe3O4 NPs در بخش کشاورزی هنوز نسبتاً محدود است. بنابراین در پژوهش حاضر، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار و 4 سطح تیماری Fe3O4 NPs (0، 25، 50 و 100 میلیگرم در لیتر) توسط محلولپاشی برگی بر گوجه فرنگی صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت 25 میلیگرم در لیتر Fe3O4 NPs سبب بهبود صفات رشدی، محتوای رنگدانههای فتوسنتزی، عناصر مغذی، پروتئینها و فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیدانی و کاهش محتوای MDA، H2O2 و GABA نسبت به شاهد در گوجه‌فرنگی شد. بهطور کلی یافتههای این پژوهش، پتانسیل بالقوه Fe3O4 NPs را به عنوان یک نانو کود ریزمغذی، بهویژه در کاربرد توسط محلولپاشی برگی بهطور واضح مشخص میکند.

https://ijpb.ui.ac.ir/article_29888_2f3aeede66ddc563260879875450a923.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان علوم زیستی گیاهی 3041-9603 17 1 2025 05 22 Optimization of Hairy Root Establishment and Increased Catharanthine Production Using Methyl Jasmonate Elicitor in Catharanthus roseus بهینه‌سازی استقرار ریشه موئین و افزایش تولید کاتارانتین توسط محرک متیل جاسمونات در Catharanthus roseus 77 94 29924 10.22108/ijpb.2025.146378.1419 FA رقیه حضرتی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی ناصر زارع گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی مهسا صمدی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی رسول اصغری زکریا گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی منصور میران گروه شیمی دارویی و فارماکوگنوزی، دانشکده داروسازی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل Journal Article 2025 08 18 Catharanthus roseus is a highly significant medicinal plant that produces alkaloids with notable therapeutic effects for treating various cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Due to the low production of secondary metabolites, hairy root culture, which offers high stability, is a suitable method to increase the efficiency of these metabolites. In this experiment, the effects of A4, A7, A13, 11325, 15834, and k599 strains, and of B5, 1/2B5, 1/4B5, MS, 1/2MS, and 1/4MS media on the induction of hairy roots in leaf explants were evaluated. Then, the best medium for hairy root proliferation was assessed in B5, 1/2B5, 1/4B5, 1/8B5, MS, 1/2MS, 1/4MS, and 1/8MS liquid media. The effects of methyl jasmonate (0, 100, and 200 µM) on protein levels, EC, malondialdehyde, and Catharanthine were investigated. The results showed that all strains induced hairy roots, but differences in hairy root percentage were observed. The highest hairy root percentage (60.67%) was obtained with the A4 strain and the 1/4B5 solid medium. The rate of hairy roots varied across different liquid media, with the best medium yielding 1/4B5 hairy roots (4.146 g). Hairy roots treated with methyl jasmonate showed an increase in the studied traits compared to the control, so that the highest amount of protein (18.142 mg/g), EC (757.67 mS/mm), and MDA (0.118 nmol/g) was observed in the 200 µM methyl jasmonate. The amount of Catharanthine also increased significantly in hairy roots treated with 100 and 200 µM methyl jasmonate compared to the control. The results of this study showed that using strain A4 in combination with 1/4 B5 medium provides the best conditions for the induction and growth of hairy roots of Catharanthus roseus, and that the use of methyl jasmonate as an elicitor significantly increases the production of proteins and valuable secondary metabolites in hairy roots. These methods can be effective and sustainable strategies for improving the yield of medicinal metabolites from C. roseus. Introduction Beyond its ornamental appeal, Catharanthus roseus is renowned for its bioactive indole alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine, and catharanthine, which have made it a cornerstone of pharmaceutical research and cancer treatment. Catharanthine is a complex indole monoterpenoid alkaloid that plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of anticancer agents such as vinblastine and vincristine. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids through complex biosynthetic pathways that play important roles in defense, stress response, and ecological interaction. In vitro tissue culture techniques offer a powerful alternative to plant culture for the production of secondary metabolites. Hairy root culture provides distinct advantages for the production of secondary metabolites. Hairy roots retain the distinctive characteristics and biosynthetic capacity of plant roots, leading to higher genetic stability and more stable production of compounds such as alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids. Elicitors play a fundamental role in stimulating plant defense responses that lead to increased biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Elicitors such as methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, by simulating biotic or abiotic stress conditions, activate key signaling pathways and increase the expression of genes involved in the production of valuable compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study reviews an advanced biotechnological strategy to enhance secondary metabolite production by optimizing hairy root formation. This method exploits Agrobacterium rhizogenes' natural genetic transformation capabilities to generate fast-growing, hormone-independent root cultures with high biosynthetic potential. Materials and Methods Catharanthus roseus seeds were immersed in 70% ethanol for 3 minutes, then surface-disinfected in 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 15 minutes, and after washing with sterile distilled water for 5 minutes three times, they were cultured on MS medium. After 3 to 8 weeks, the seedlings were used to prepare explants and induce hairy roots. To determine the best bacterial strain for hairy root induction, Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains A4, A7, A13, 11325, 15834, and K599 were used. Leaf, stem, cotyledon, and node explants were isolated and inoculated with bacterial strains. To remove excess bacteria, the explants were transferred to B5, 1/2B5, 1/4B5, MS, 1/2MS, and 1/4MS media. After hairy root growth, MS, 1/2MS, 1/4MS, 1/8MS, B5, 1/2B5, 1/4B5, and 1/8B5 media were used to determine the optimal liquid medium. After hairy root growth, methyl jasmonate (0, 100, and 200 μM) was applied. Seventy-two hours after treatment, sampling was performed, and the amount of protein, electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, and catharanthine was measured. Statistical calculations and data analysis were performed with SPSS 16, and comparisons of means were performed using Duncan's test at a 5% significance level. Results and Discussion Leaf explants, stems, cotyledons, and nodes were inoculated with A. rhizogenus. Leaves were selected as suitable explants and used for co-cultivation. In leaf explants inoculated with A. rhizogenus strains, hairy roots appeared on average after 13 days. According to the analysis of variance, the effects of the bacterial strain and root medium were significant at the 1% level for the production of hairy roots in C. roseus. In addition, the interaction between the bacterial strain and the rooting medium was significant at the 5% level. In general, the highest rooting percentage was observed with strain A4 in 1/4B5 medium (60.67%), strain A4 in 1/2B5 medium (54%), and strain 15834 in 1/4B5 medium (52%). Hairy roots from strain A4 in 1/4B5 medium appeared with more branches and faster growth, and the percentage of hairy roots in this treatment was higher than in other strains and media. In all strains, as medium concentration decreased, the rate of hairy roots increased, and this increase was greater in B5 medium than in MS medium. In other words, when B5 medium was used at lower concentrations (1/2 or 1/4), it had a much better effect on hairy root growth. These observations indicate that hairy roots exhibit a significant response to the medium and its components, as reflected in growth rate and root morphology. It can be assumed that hairy roots require a diluted medium for establishment, proper growth, and maintenance of structure. It seems that at least part of this effect is due to the response of hairy roots to the isotonic pressure of the medium. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among treatments for total protein, electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, and catharanthine. The highest amount of protein, electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, and catharanthine was observed in the 200 μM methyl jasmonate treatment. These results indicate the induction of a controlled stress response and the activation of metabolic pathways involved in protein synthesis and the production of secondary metabolites. Increased electrical conductivity indicates regulated ion leakage from root hair cells, thereby enhancing ion exchange and access to essential precursors for catharanthine synthesis. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that the use of strain A4 along with 1/4B5 medium provides the best conditions for the induction and growth of hairy roots of C. roseus, and the use of methyl jasmonate significantly increases the production of proteins and valuable secondary metabolites in hairy roots. These methods can be used as effective and sustainable strategies to increase the yield of medicinal metabolites from C. roseus. گیاه پروانش از مهمترین گیاهان دارویی است که آلکالوئیدهایی با اثرات دارویی بسیار مهم برای درﻣﺎن اﻧﻮاع ﺑﻴﻤﺎریﻫﺎی ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﺮوﻗﻲ و سرطان را تولید میکند و همواره مورد توجه و استفاده انسان بوده است. به علت تولید متابولیتهای ثانویه در مقادیر بسیار کم، استفاده از راهکارهایی از جمله کشت ریشه ‎موئین به علت پایداری بالا برای افزایش بازده این متابولیتها روش مناسبی است. در این آزمایش تأثیر سویههای A4، A7،A13 ، 11325، 15834 و K599 و محیط کشتهای B5، B52/1، B54/1، MS، MS2/1 و MS4/1 بر القاء ریشههای موئین در ریز نمونههای برگ پروانش بررسی شد. سپس بهترین محیط برای گسترس ریشه‎ موئین در محیطهای کشت مایع (B5، B52/1، B54/1، B58/1، MS، MS2/1،MS 4/1 و MS8/1) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس اثر محرک متیل جاسمونات (0، 100 و 200 میکرومولار)بر مقدار پروتئین، هدایت الکتریکی، مالون دیآلدئید و کاتارانتین در ریشههای موئین بررسی شد. نتایج نشان دادند همه سویهها موفق به القاء ریشه ‎ موئین شدند، ولی از نظر درصد ریشهزایی بین سویههای مختلف اختلاف معنیداری وجود داشت. بیشترین درصد ریشهزایی (67/60 درصد) در سویهی A4 و محیط کشت B54/1 جامد بهدست آمد. رشد ریشههای موئین در محیطهای مایع مختلف نیز اختلاف معنیداری داشت که بهترین محیط مایع B54/1 بهدست آمد (146/4 گرم). ریشههای موئین تیمار شده با متیل جاسمونات از نظر صفات مورد بررسی افزایش معنیداری را نسبت به شاهد نشان دادند، بهطوری که بیشترین مقدار پروتئین (142/18 میلیگرم در گرم)، هدایت الکتریکی (67/757 میلی زیمنس بر میلی متر) و مالون دیآلدئید (118/0 نانومول در گرم) در تیمار 200 میکرمولار متیل جاسمونات مشاهده شد. مقدار کاتارانتین هم در ریشههای تیمار شده با 100 و 200 میکرومولار متیل جاسمونات افزایش معنیداری نسبت به شاهد داشت. نتایج این پژوهش نشان دادند استفاده از سویه A4 همراه با محیط کشت B54/1 بهترین شرایط را برای القاء و رشد ریشه‌های موئین گیاه پروانش فراهم می‌کند و به‌کارگیری محرک متیل جاسمونات موجب افزایش قابل توجهی در تولید پروتئین‌ها و متابولیت‌های ثانویه مفید در ریشه‌های موئین می‌شود. این روش‌ها می‌توانند به‌عنوان راهکارهای مؤثر و پایدار برای افزایش بازدهی متابولیت‌های دارویی گیاه پروانش به‌کار گرفته شوند.

https://ijpb.ui.ac.ir/article_29924_b48c1d59cae69248e840282e2b67be1a.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان علوم زیستی گیاهی 3041-9603 17 1 2025 05 22 Effect of salicylic acid on the antioxidant enzyme system and hydrogen peroxide production in safflower under heat stress اثر محلول ‌پاشی سالیسیلیک اسید بر سیستم آنزیم ‌‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان و تولید پراکسیدهیدروژن گیاه گلرنگ در شرایط تنش گرما 95 118 29958 10.22108/ijpb.2025.144801.1404 FA مریم گودرزیان قهفرخی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران افراسیاب راهنما گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران موسی مسکرباشی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران فرشاد صالحی مؤسسۀ تحقیقات و آموزش توسعۀ نیشکر و صنایع جانبی خوزستان، اهواز، ایران دونالد اسمیت گروه علوم گیاهی، دانشکدۀ علوم محیطی و کشاورزی، دانشگاه مک گیل، مونترال، کانادا Journal Article 2025 03 30 To study the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on antioxidant enzyme activities and hydrogen peroxide production in safflower, a field experiment was conducted in a split-plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. Main plots consisted of two sowing dates: 11 December and 21 January, and subplots consisted of a factorial arrangement of different concentrations of salicylic acid (0 and 400 μm), and safflower cultivars (Parnian and Faraman). The results showed that heat stress at late sowing dates significantly increased hydrogen peroxide concentration, with higher values observed in the Parnian than the Faraman cultivar. Total antioxidant capacity in Parnian and Faraman increased following foliar application of salicylic acid, especially at 400 μm (36.7% and 46.5%, respectively). The highest catalase, ascorbate-peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity (346.5, 45.9, and 141.5 mg protein.min-1, respectively) was observed in Faraman at a 400 μm salicylic acid level. In addition, heat stress increased polyphenol oxidase activity in both foliar application treatments, and Faraman showed higher activity than Parnian. The highest lipoxygenase activity was observed under heat stress, without salicylic acid application, in Parnian (65.7 mg protein.min-1). The highest phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was observed in Faraman under heat stress and at a 400 μm salicylic acid level (116.5 mg of protein.min-1). Exogenous application of salicylic acid could modulate the adverse effects of heat stress by improving biochemical properties and resulted in heat tolerance in both cultivars when compared with the control. Introduction Safflower is an oilseed crop mainly cultivated for purposes relating to household and industrial consumption. Global warming and climate change pose serious threats to agriculture and food security. Extreme weather events resulting from climate change have reduced crop production and productivity worldwide. High temperatures are affecting crop productivity, potentially compromising food security. Plants possess various defence mechanisms to cope with environmental challenges, and high temperatures pose a significant threat due to global warming. Delays in sowing date are known to accelerate crop development and shorten the growing season, increasing the distance the plant is from suitable growing conditions and exposing it to high temperatures during reproductive growth. Salicylic acid is critical for controlling plant growth and development, interactions with other plant hormones, and responses to environmental stress. Salicylic acid plays a role in plant defence systems against various biotic and abiotic stresses and may also help plants cope with high temperatures. Exogenous salicylic acid application alters hydrogen peroxide production and increases antioxidant system activity under high temperatures. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar salicylic acid application on antioxidant enzyme activities and hydrogen peroxide production in safflower under terminal heat stress. Materials and Methods To evaluate the foliar application of salicylic acid on the antioxidant enzyme system and hydrogen peroxide production in safflower, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019, main plots consisted of two sowing dates: 11th December and 21st January (Normal and late sowing dates, respectively), and the plot consisted of a factorial arrangement of different concentrations of salicylic acid (0 and 400 μm), and safflower cultivars (Parnian as a heat-sensitive and Faraman as a heat-tolerant cultivar). The soil texture in the topsoil at the study site was sandy-loam. Electrical conductivity of the topsoil was 4.8 dS.m-1, and pH was 7.6. On 21 January, as a late sowing date, the flowering and grain-filling periods were exposed to severe heat stress at the end of the growing season. Hormonal treatments were applied at the rosette and beginning of flowering elongation (stage 30-31 and 60-61 of the BBCH scale, respectively). Plants were watered with sufficient water (80% field capacity) until the end of the experiment. Weeds were removed by hand every two weeks during the growing season. Data on hydrogen peroxide concentration, catalase activity, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenases, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and DPPH were recorded. Results and Discussion The results showed that terminal heat stress caused by late sowing dates significantly increased hydrogen peroxide concentration. The higher values observed in the Parnian cultivar (0.0200 μm.gfw-1) than in the Faraman cultivar (0.0095 μm.gfw-1). Total antioxidant capacity in Parnian and Faraman increased following foliar application of salicylic acid, especially at 400 μm (36.7% and 46.5%, respectively), compared with the control. The highest catalase, ascorbate-peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity (346.5, 45.9, and 141.5 mg protein.min-1, respectively) was observed in Faraman at a 400 μm salicylic acid level. In addition, heat stress increased polyphenol oxidase activity in both foliar application treatments (69.2% and 24.2%, respectively) compared with the control, and Faraman showed higher enzyme activity than Parnian. The highest lipoxygenase activity was observed under heat stress, without salicylic acid application, in Parnian (65.7 mg protein.min-1). The highest phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was observed in Faraman under heat stress and at a 400 μm salicylic acid level (116.5 mg of protein.min-1). Conclusion In this study, safflower cultivars showed changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and hydrogen peroxide production under high-temperature conditions. Hence, we focused on the foliar application of salicylic acid and its effects on the antioxidant activity of safflower cultivars under heat stress to highlight the role of salicylic acid in heat stress response and its potential to increase heat stress tolerance in safflower. We found that safflower cultivars vary widely in hydrogen peroxide production and antioxidant enzyme activities. The results of this experiment showed that heat stress increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation. To overcome these conditions, exogenous application of salicylic acid could modulate the adverse effects of heat stress by improving antioxidant capacity and resulting in high-temperature tolerance in both safflower cultivars in tropical regions such as Khuzestan. جهت بررسی اثر محلول پاشی سالیسیلیک اسید بر فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتی اکسیدانی و تولید پراکسید هیدروژن در گلرنگ در شرایط تنش گرما آزمایش مزرعهای در سال زراعی 98-1397 بهصورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایۀ بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. دو تاریخ کاشت 20 آذر و 30 دی در کرتهای اصلی و محلولپاشی سالسیلیک اسید (صفر و 400 میکرومولار) و دو رقم گلرنگ (پرنیان و فرامان) بهصورت فاکتوریل در کرتهای فرعی قرار گرفتند. تنش گرما سبب افزایش غلظت پراکسیدهیدروژن شد و مقدار آن در رقم پرنیان بالاتر از فرامان بود. همچنین دمای بالا سبب افزایش ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی کل در رقم پرنیان و فرامان به ویژه در شرایط 400 میکرومولار سالیسیلیک اسید (به ترتیب 7‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/36 و 5‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/46 درصد) شد. بیشترین فعالیت کاتالاز، آسکورباتپراکسیداز و سوپراکسیددیسموتاز (به ترتیب 5‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/346، 9‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/45 و 5‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/141 میلی گرم پروتئین بر دقیقه) در شرایط کاربرد 400 میکرومولار سالسیلیک اسید در رقم فرامان مشاهده شد. تنش گرما موجب افزایش فعالیت پلی‌فنول‌اکسیداز شد و رقم فرامان فعالیت بالاتری داشت. بالاترین فعالیت لیپوکسیژناز در شرایط گرما تحت تیمار شاهد در رقم پرنیان (7‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/65 تغییرات جذب بر میلیگرم پروتئین بر دقیقه) و بیشترین فعالیت فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز مربوط به رقم فرامان در شرایط تنش گرما و محلول‌پاشی 400 میکرومولار سالسیلیک اسید (5‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/116 میلیگرم پروتئین بر دقیقه) مشاهده شد. در مجموع، یافته‌ها نشان داد اسیدسالیسیلیک توانست اثرات نامطلوب تنش گرما را توسط بهبود صفات بیوشیمیایی تعدیل بخشد و منجر به تحمل گرما در هر دو رقم به ویژه در رقم متحمل به گرمای فرامان در مقایسه با شرایط شاهد شود.

https://ijpb.ui.ac.ir/article_29958_383f5e079335d95bb787c7251ad08f26.pdf